Influencers: be careful not to promote counterfeit products!

Written by Dreyfus15/09/2021

The Internet has changed the way we do business. From now on, advertising agencies are no longer the only ones to promote their client’s products; influencers have become the privileged interlocutors of brands wishing to make their products successful. If this approach does not seem abnormal, legal actions are flourishing against these people, for trademark infringement.

In a recent case, “Petunia Products, Inc. V. Rodan & Fields, et al.”, the plaintiff Petunia Products (“Petunia”) filed a complaint against Rodan & Fields for infringement of its trademark “BROW BOOST”. The latter had hired the influencer Molly Sims in order to promote its “Brow Defining Boost” product. On August 6, 2021, Federal Judge Cormac J. Carney dismissed the influencer’s motion to dismiss the complaint of alleged trademark infringement, in particular, because the plaintiff had succeeded in demonstrating that the promotion of the contested product could mislead consumers and create a likelihood of confusion between the prior trademark and the defendant’s product.

In particular, the judge argued that the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) declared that influencers and celebrities could be held liable for false or, at the very least, misleading advertising. Judge Carney drew a parallel with the case at stake and considered that every statement made by an influencer could amount to liability. Besides, and this is the main point of the first decision in this case, the judge took into consideration the risk of confusion, keystone of any claim for trademark infringement. In this case, this risk was genuine since the products were in direct competition with each other, from two competing companies operating on the same market, with a very similar name.

However, this decision must be balanced insofar as Judge Carney only ruled on the motion to dismiss filed by the influencer.

Concept and role of the influencer

It is necessary to understand the legal definition of “influencer”. In the opinion in Maximian Schrems v. Facebook Ireland Limited, Advocate General Bobek defines influencers as “everyday, ordinary internet users who accumulate a relatively large following on blogs and social media (…)”.

The French Authority of professional regulation of advertisement (ARPP) defines an influencer as “an individual expressing a point of view or giving advice in a specific field (…)”. It adds: “an influencer can act in a purely editorial framework or collaboration with a brand for the publication of content (product placement, (…), distribution of advertising content, etc.)” (free translation).

The influencer, therefore, has the power to direct the choices of the people following him/her, which is all the easier as the social networks on which they act are increasingly simple of use and accessible to the greatest number. Because of this ease of use, two American influencers, Kelly Fitzpatrick and Sabrina Kelly-Krejci promoted counterfeit products on Instagram and TikTok for sale on the Amazon platform. Amazon, therefore, filed a lawsuit on November 12, 2020 against the two women for fraudulent promotion of counterfeit products.

What is the influencer’s responsibility?

First of all, and Judge Conrey noted this in his decision, the influencer must state on the publication that the promotion of the brand results from a collaboration with the latter.

In France, this is also a recommendation of the French Professional Advertising Regulation Authority but most of all a legal obligation, which the French law for confidence in the digital economy (LCEN) of 2004 had already formulated. If the influencer can escape the net and not be found guilty of trademark infringement within the framework of a collaboration (that would be different if he/she promotes an infringing product directly), he/she could, be found liable of parasitism, unfair competition or misleading commercial practice, all three of which are heavily sanctioned under Article 1240 of the French Civil Code.

However, it is noteworthy that the influencer bears the weight of his/her responsibility concerning the information he/she publishes! Therefore, if a plaintiff can prove that the influencer in question was fully aware that the product he/she was promoting infringes on a third party’s rights, then it is likely that a judge would find the influencer and the company that contacted said influencer guilty of trademark infringement, either jointly or individually. Again, the judge will also consider the extent to which the product advertised by the influencer could confuse the public mind.

Hence, being an influencer is not without risks, and the partnership agreement concluded with a company must be carefully examined beforehand. Analysing the environment is essential as well as the product to be promoted must not infringe upon the prior rights of a trademark, even more so a competitor.

Dreyfus is at your disposal to assist you in securing these projects.

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How does the departure of Lionel Messi from FC Barcelona demonstrate the influence of players on the Intellectual Property rights of soccer clubs?

Written by Dreyfus08/09/2021

Underlying the performance of athletes, soccer clubs are engaged in a big race to develop their respective trademarks. FC Barcelona, until now the second biggest soccer club trademark, now risks losing its place to the club Paris Saint-Germain (PSG) as a result of Lionel Messi’s departure.

Lionel Messi has recently made the news by announcing his departure from FC Barcelona after more than two decades with the club.

This unexpected announcement is mainly due to the financial difficulties faced by FC Barcelona who are unable to take on the costs of the new contract agreed with the footballer two weeks ago..

This departure may not only impact the club’s quality of play but also its finances and especially its Intellectual Property rights.

A probable significant decrease in the value of the FC Barcelona brand

Brand Finance, in an article of 6 August 2021, estimated that the departure of Lionel Messi could cause an 11% decrease in the value of the club. This departure would cause a loss of €137 million. According to Brand Finance estimates. FC Barcelona has been, until now, one of the three most valued brands among soccer clubs (behind Real Madrid and in front of Manchester United). This news may well change the ranking.

Lionel Messi’s departure is even more impactful as he is considered one of the greatest players in the history of soccer. FC Barcelona’s image is therefore strongly impacted.

An opportunity for Lionel Messi’s new club.

On the other hand, the recruitment of the footballer by PSG is a real boon for the club which could see the value of its brand increase considerably. According to Brand Directory, the PSG brand is currently worth €887 million and ranks 7th among the most important soccer club brands.

The influence of players on intellectual property rights is such that some player brands even rival the value of some clubs’ rights. Messi has the most registered trademarks of all footballers. He has 115 trademarks, compared to 60 for Neymar, 53 for Cristiano Ronaldo and 46 for Paul Pogba. His trademarks are registered in various countries around the world, but mainly in Argentina, his country of origin. They are mainly registered in class 25 (Clothing), 28 (Games, sporting goods, toys) and 9 (Computer programs).

This trademark portfolio, owned by the footballer, is also an asset for the club that recruits him, as it increases its importance and influence.

So, PSG now holds two of the biggest players in terms of brand portfolio, Neymar and Lionel Messi, and could also be inclined to recruit Paul Pogba.

An impact on the new cryptocurrencies

As a result of PSG’s brand value, its cryptocurrency, “PSG Fan Tokens”, has grown considerably. The club made its mark by concluding the first player signing that included fan tokens. This news caused the cryptocurrency to rise by +100% in just three days.

As a result, the simple signing of Messi boosted the club’s PSG token capitalization to almost €144 million.

The PSG trademark is on track for considerable expansion, which can only reinforce the strength and interest of Intellectual Property rights in the world of soccer. Whether it’s the value of a club brand, the derivative products derived from it, or its cryptocurrencies, the composition of soccer teams considerably influences the pecuniary value of clubs.

We are a law firm with a unique expertise in the exploitation of intangible assets. We keep you updated on issues related to intellectual property and the digital economy through articles written by the Dreyfus legal team.

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What are the new provisions of the April 17, 2019 European Directive on copyright?

Written by Dreyfus03/09/2021

Aside from including related rights for press publishers and press agencies, and rebalancing relations between rights holders and content sharing platforms, the April 17, 2019 Directive strengthens the position of authors vis-à-vis assignees. These last provisions about copyright have just been transposed into French law.

The transposition marks a significant step forward in protecting creators and cultural organizations in the digital age. While cultural pieces of work are becoming more and more accessible online, this provision reaffirms the importance of copyright.

Copyright begets fair remuneration of artists and creative enterprises in the member states of the European Union. The Directive’s purpose is to establish a global framework, where intellectual creators, authors, content editors, service providers and users will all be able to benefit from clearer, modernized and adapted rules of the digital era. As such, the Directive aims to ensure that online press publishers and authors/artists receive better renumeration – especially when leading platforms such as Google News or Youtube use their work. The adoption of this Directive is the result of negotiations that lasted more than two years.

What are the new provisions of the Directive?

The Directive aims at modernizing the European Union copyright law, taking into account the increase in digital and cross-border uses of protected content. This directive mainly provides:

1) measures to adapt certain exceptions and limitations to the digital and cross-border environment, among which are exceptions concerning:

– text and data mining (TDM exception),

– the use of works in digital and cross-border teaching activities, in particular the accessibility needs of people with disabilities, and

– conservation of cultural heritage;

2) measures to improve licensing practices and ensure more extensive access to content, which consist of harmonized rules facilitating:

– the exploitation of works that are not commercially available,

– the extension of collective licensing contracts by collective management organizations to rightsholders who have neither authorized nor excluded the application of these mechanisms to their works,

– the negotiation of agreements to make works available on video-on-demand platforms (VoD platforms), and

– entry into the public domain reproduction of works of visual art at the end of the initial term of protection; and

3) measures to ensure fair market practices with respect to copyright, liability of content sharing platforms, and contracts for the remuneration of authors and performers.

Similarly, Article 15 of the said Directive creates a new neighbouring right for press publishers. Remember, neighbouring rights are exclusive rights, more recent than copyright, and are exercised independently of the latter. They were born from the need to make the auxiliaries of creation benefit from making their works available to the public. Finally, article 17 (ex-article 13) created a liability regime adapted for internet content sharing platforms, while establishing a new exception for the monopoly of rightsholders.

What are the new obligations of content-sharing platforms?

The targeted main players (Title IV of the Directive) are platforms for mass sharing of copyright and related rights protected content – such as such as Google, YouTube, Dailymotion, or Facebook. The Directive more precisely defines it as:

“The provider of an information-focused service, whose main objective or one of its main objectives is to store and give the public access to a significant quantity of copyrighted works or other protected subject matter that has been uploaded by its users, which it organizes and promotes for profit.”

There are cumulative criteria that determine their obligations. Platforms that have been active for less than three years and have an annual turnover of fewer than 10 million euros will be subject to reduced obligations. On the other hand, platforms exceeding this limit will be subject to a proactive obligation provided for by the Directive regarding works distributed without authorization. The Directive excludes from the liability regime non-profit online encyclopedias such as Wikipedia, non-profit educational and scientific directories, open-source software platforms, online marketplaces like Amazon, Cdiscount or eBay, and individual cloud storage services with no direct access to the public. With regard to the regime applicable to content sharing platforms falling within the above-mentioned scope, the most important thing is to have the rightsholders’ authorization, which allows copyrighted work to be available to the public through, for example, a license agreement.

Can platforms be exonerated from liability?

Platforms may be exonerated from liability if it meets the following three cumulative conditions:

– That it has “made its best efforts” to obtain permission from the rightsholder to release the work to the public,

– That it has “made its best efforts” “in accordance with high industry standards of professional diligence” to ensure the unavailability of the copyrighted work once the unauthorized communication of it has been reported by the rightsholder by means of “relevant and necessary information,“

– That it acted promptly to withdraw or block access to the work upon receipt of “sufficiently motivated” notification from the rightsholder.

Finally, the platforms must be transparent towards rightsholders about the measures taken within their area of responsibility. This Directive gives certain platforms greater responsibility for the content they publish. Meanwhile, the liability system for online selling platforms, where counterfeits abound, will not change. Their status as host or publisher will always determine their liability regime.

In France, in addition to the debates surrounding compliance with the Intellectual Property Code, it will be interesting to see to the court’s decisions in the months to come.

We are a law firm with a unique expertise in the exploitation of intangible assets. We keep you updated on issues related to intellectual property and the digital economy through articles written by the Dreyfus legal team.

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How are restaurants trademark portfolios evolving?

Written by Dreyfus02/08/2021

To protect a trademark and minimize the risk of potential legal action, restaurateurs should employ an ongoing research strategy, registration and monitoring.

What impact could the pandemic have on restaurant brand portfolios?

The pandemic has pushed restaurants to innovate. Delivery services, technological services, and even innovative uses of restaurant real estate are leading to an increase in trademark demands beyond traditional restaurant services.

Foodservice companies have expanded the use of “ghost kitchens” (also known as “dark kitchens” or “virtual kitchens”).

In ghost kitchens, chefs prepare food only for delivery or pickup without a seat for customers. A ghost kitchen can serve as a cooking space for multiple brands, allowing operators to expand their customer base without investing in a separate area for each brand.

The ghost kitchen concept also encourages experimentation because a brand can get started quickly with little additional cost.

The legal consequences arising from the different classes and descriptions of services requested by kitchens and brands continue to evolve. Regardless of what lies ahead, restaurants and related entities need to extensively think when filing for trademark protection and enforcing their rights.

The Covid-19 pandemic has put innovative pressure on the restaurant industry. As restaurants have changed or expanded their products and services since the start of 2020, their trademark portfolios have also expanded to include new classes of trademark registration.

How to effectively manage restaurants trademark portfolios?

In this context and after having created the name, the question of the company’s trademarks protection and international extension quickly arises, even for restaurants.

Today, there is a craze for trademark registration, which has a considerable impact on the strategy of their management by companies. It is increasingly complex to create a distinctive and solid brand or to maintain a monopoly on a word coveted by many.

In addition, legal risks have accelerated with e-commerce, market globalization and the company’s international exposure to the Internet.

As the demand for contactless food delivery grows, restaurants and related brands have adopted broad strategies, including partnering with ghost kitchens or selling food through temperature-controlled lockers.

At the same time, these new business areas have created an increased need to examine restaurant trademark portfolios and identify areas for which brands should be protected.

What precautions should you take to protect your IP rights?

It is of great importance to protecting your IP rights to take several precautions:

Ensure that you included confidentiality clauses in your contracts;
Provide for non-disclosure agreements;
Be vigilant on the terms of transfer of rights between the creator and the company.

It is necessary to establish a protection strategy in the real world and in the digital world to protect your trademark portfolio.

Why bet on the brand?

It is about obtaining an operating monopoly, which can be renewable indefinitely and will constitute the pillar in your marketing and commercial strategy.

It is necessary to register the trademark from the genesis of the project. Determine a limited but suitable territory is also of great necessity. Likewise, it is about thinking globally and digitally by protecting domain names when registering the trademark.

The domain name is an important asset!

Today, insurers identify the intellectual property of which domain names are a part as one of the top three risks facing businesses.

The domain name occupies a special place in that it serves as a vector for ever more sophisticated and varied frauds. Managing your trademark on the Internet is not just about filing and renewing but also building a strategy.

It is crucial to invest in protection and preventive defense strategy and also set up surveillance on your brand.

Finally, you must be particularly vigilant about the use that is made of your brand on the Internet to avoid any “bad buzz”, which would be particularly harmful to your reputation.

A restaurant’s brand portfolio is a true intellectual and economic investment that must be protected.

In order to offer our clients a unique expertise, necessary for the exploitation of intangible assets, we keep you informed of the current issues of intellectual property and digital economy through articles written by the legal team of Dreyfus & associés.

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Transposition of the AVMS Directive in France: what impact on the audio-visual sector?

Written by Dreyfus29/07/2021

Directive (EU) No. 2018/1808 of the European Parliament and of the Council, adopted on November 14, 2018 and amending Directive 2010/13/EU (AVMS Directive), has (finally) been transposed into French law, via the Order of December 21, 2020. This directive is part of a context of international competition on the one hand and profound transformation of the audio-visual and the evolution of demand on the other hand.

Redefinition of the essential concepts of the 2010 European Directive

The Order deals with essential concepts that one needs to fathom to understand the issues at stake. First of all, what are audio-visual media services (AVMS)? There are two types:

Linear television services (traditional services);
Non-linear services, e.audio-visual content-on-demand services or media-on-demand services (MOS). These SMAD services allow the customer to choose both when and what they wish to watch.

The Order also calls into question certain principles, such as the old principle of media chronology resulting from a 1960 legislation. This legislation coordinated the diffusion of films, after their release in cinemas, to optimise their profitability.

Modernisation and adaptation of the rules to the transformation of audiovisual services

The Order transposing the Directive has implemented several measures aiming to ensure the effective contribution by market players and to protect both the minors and the public.

The system of financing national cinematographic and audio-visual creations has indeed been completely revised by the Directive. From now on, the country of origin principle applies: each EU Member State may exercise its production contribution regime to foreign VOD (Video On Demand) channels and platforms offering a service on the territory of that Member State.

While this principle is a leading point of the reform, the AVMS Directive also acknowledges the profound changes in multimedia by extending audio-visual regulation to video-sharing platforms, social networks and live video platforms. This way, Brussels wishes to protect minors against certain harmful content and harmonise the legal framework of the European audio-visual sector.

Reform of the 1986 Act and safeguarding the French cultural exception

France wanted to implement the directive and collaborate in the European project while defending the French cultural exception. The Order is mainly concerned with reinforcing the rules of transparency for service publishers and with establishing more complete objectives, such as the inclusion of the system of funding for production (particularly independent production) over time, but also the guarantee that French broadcasters and global platforms are on an equal footing.

Article 19 of the Order, therefore, now requires “publishers of television services and on-demand audio-visual media services aimed at French territory” “when they are not established in France and do not fall under the jurisdiction of France”, to financially contribute in the same way as French publishers do.

Article 28 substantially reforms the principle of media chronology and now allows the industry players to negotiate an agreement with the professional organisations within six months to reduce broadcasting delays.

Extension of the powers of the CSA and protection of minors

As platforms are now part of the regulatory landscape, the CSA has seen its competencies and powers broadened and, in particular, has been assigned two new essential missions: the accessibility of AVMS programmes, and the protection, in particular of minors, against content that is violent, incites hatred or constitutes a criminal offence. The CSA will then have jurisdiction if the head office or a subsidiary of the platform is established in France.

Furthermore, the CSA is also in charge of ensuring that publishers have issued guidelines of best practice (particularly regarding food advertising to which minors could be exposed) and highlighting audio-visual services of general interest on new audio-visual platforms.

In addition, the Order completes Article 15 of the 1986 Act by prohibiting in programmes not only incitement to hatred and violence but also a provocation to commit acts of terrorism, while entrusting the CSA with the task of ensuring that these provisions are respected.

If the Oder is already a significant step forward, the implementing decrees are just as important. In particular, on June 23, 2021, the audio-visual media services on-demand decree (or SMAD decree n°2010-1379 of November 12, 2010) was published in the French Journal Officiel, which probably represents the most valuable step in the project to modernise the financing of French and European audio-visual services. Among other things, SMADs will have to devote at least 20% of their turnover in France to finance the production of European or original French cinematographic and audio-visual works.

Finally, negotiations are underway between TV channels and producers’ representatives about reviewing a second decree known as “DTT” (Digital Terrestrian Television decree No. 2010-747 of July 2, 2020), which defines the production obligations of TV channels. The points discussed concern particularly the sharing of copyright on works between producers and TV channels and the lasting of these rights.

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How does the new Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China facilitate the protection of IP rights?

Written by Dreyfus21/07/2021

The Third Session of the 13th National People’s Congress (NPC) voted and passed the “Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China” on May 28, 2020. This law came into force on January 1, 2021.

The fundamental objective of this Civil Code is to facilitate the protection of people’s extensive civil rights and provide sufficient remedies for right holders whenever their IP rights are infringed upon especially when it comes to counterfeiting.

Apart from serving as a policy instrument for stimulating innovation, intellectual property (IP) rights have always been considered a significant category of private rights. The intellectual property regime, thus, is deeply rooted in and closely related to the civil law system.

While referred to by the Chinese press as the Encyclopedia of Social Life, the new Civil Law includes many provisions related to intellectual property (IP). At first read, the most striking IP provision is for punitive damages for intentional infringement, which will be potentially most valuable in patent infringement cases and especially in cases related to counterfeiting.

Article 1185 (out of 1260 articles) states, with reference to IP, “if the circumstances are serious, the infringed person shall have the right to request corresponding punitive damages”. This actually aligns with the newly amended trademark law that provides for increased punitive damages.

Article 63 of the trademark law, as amended in November 2019, increased punitive damages from three times to five times the amount of assessed damages when infringement is “committed in bad faith and the circumstance is serious.”

The United States has called China the “world’s principal IP infringer”. In a 2017 report, the US bipartisan Commission on the Theft of American Intellectual Property estimated that counterfeit goods, pirated software and the theft of trade secrets cost the US economy between US$225 billion and US$600 billion annually, not including the full cost of patent infringement.

China, meanwhile, has signaled that IP protection is a priority in its 14th five-year plan for 2021 to 2025, as part of its strategy to move towards self-reliance in critical technology.

Government economic planners detailed how they intended to strengthen the protection of IP and raise high-value patent ownership over the next five years, and Beijing is this year set to reveal its strategic plan to make China a global IP power by 2035.

In both the Chinese Patent Law and the Copyright Law, which will come into effect on June 1 2021, the applicable elements of punitive damages are “intentional infringement” and “aggravated circumstances“ according to the China Civil Code.

Therefore, punitive damages will be more actively applied by the Chinese courts when handling IP cases in the future.

The introduction of punitive damages into IP infringement disputes will help improve the protection of intellectual property rights, promote technology progress and innovation, and build a healthier market for investment.

The implementation of the Civil Law in China is not just a declaration to strengthen the protection of civil rights. It opens a new era by protecting IP rights.

The new Civil Code is demonstrating China’s resolute attitude toward malicious IP infringement, concrete articles and complementary civil principles could enhance the protection of IP rights in China.

In order to provide our clients with a unique expertise, necessary for the exploitation of intangible assets, we keep you informed about intellectual property and digital economy issues with our articles written by the Dreyfus legal team.

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Reverse domain name hijacking

Written by Dreyfus09/07/2021

Reverse domain name hijacking constitutes an abuse of procedure. On this topic, the WIPO issued on April 4, 2021 a decision reminding Complainants of their failings: it was their duty to proceed to relevant checks before initiating the complaint and to build their case properly. The examiner was all the more severe given that Complainants were represented by counsel.

The complaint in question was filed by three applicants.

First Complainant is an Indian company notably specializing in the manufacture and sale of sanitary products and kitchen appliances. First Complainant was originally known as Hindustan Twyfords, but later changed its name to HSIL Ltd. in 2009. Second Complainant, Somany Home Innovation Limited, was incorporated in 2017. It manufactures and sells, among other goods, air and water purifiers, water heaters, air coolers. Like Second Complainant, Third Complainant, Brilloca Ltd, results from the split of First Complainant.

Having detected the registration of the domain names <hsil.com> registered on November 16, 1999 and <shil.com> on December 9, 1999, Complainants filed a complaint with the WIPO Arbitration and Mediation Center to request the transfer of the domain names.

Respondent is a UK registered company, established on October 7, 1998, which provides web development services to help small businesses gain visibility on the Internet, initially focusing on the health club and leisure equipment market. In addition to the main site « health-club.net », Respondent has registered a number of short acronymic domain names.

First Complainant owns trademarks for the sign « HSIL », the first of which dates from 2004. Complainants further argue that Somany Home Innovation is widely known by the sign « SHIL », the acronym that corresponds to its corporate name.

First and foremost, the panelist notes that the applicants have not submitted any evidence showing the use of the sign « SHIL » to the point of making it a distinctive identifier for their benefit. Therefore, the latter considers that they are in default concerning the proof of likelihood of confusion between the <shil.com> domain name and an earlier trademark in which they potentially have rights. On the other hand, the likelihood of confusion was recognized for the name <hsil.com>.

Then, regarding the issue of legitimate interest and/or rights in the domain names, the panelist takes into account the fact that Respondent registered the disputed domain names in 1999, before the alleged filing and use of Complainants’ « HSIL » and « SHIL » marks. As opposed to Complainants, Respondent has provided evidence to support its claims that the names were used as acronyms for « Sports / Health in London » and « Health / Sports in London ».

Besides, the disputed domain names were registered in 1999, many years before the filing of the HSIL marks and the registration of domain names containing « HSIL ». In addition, the Complainants have no trademark rights for the sign « SHIL ».

Also, Respondent has demonstrated a use of the disputed domain names in connection to a bona fide offering of goods and services.

The complaint is therefore dismissed.

In addition, the panelist found that the complaint constituted reverse domain name hijacking, an attempt to obtain a domain name by artificially proving infringement.

Complainants, who are represented by counsel, should have anticipated the weakness of their argument and the fact that the acronyms « Hsil » and « Shil » could not refer exclusively to them, as alleged in the complaint without any evidence.

The panelist also notes that Complainants tried to make it look like trademarks were rejected in India because of the « well-known status and enormous goodwill » acquired by their earlier marks. This, despite the fact that the defendant has proven that third parties have been able to obtain registration of trademarks for the sign « SHIL » in India.

The panelist also targets Complainants’ representative and denounces an « unfamiliarity with the UDRP » and raises the fact that the latter has listed the registrar as respondent simply because it had allowed the registration of an available domain name, even though it is not in its power to decide whether or not to allow a registration.

Source: WIPO, Arbitration and Mediation Center, April 4, 2021, Case No. D2020-3416, HSIL Limited, Somany Home Innovation Limited v. SHIL Ltd, Brilloca Limited v. GOTW Hostmaster, Get on The Web Limited, India

The Public Interest Registry creates an institute specialized in the fight against DNS abuse

Written by Dreyfus06/07/2021

The Public Interest Registry (PIR), registry for the .org top-level domain, launched the domain name system Abuse Institute on February 17, 2020. The purpose is to help protect Internet users from the threat of domain name system abuse.

The institute’s mission includes helping to identify and report DNS abuse, establishing best practices in the area of domain name system abuse and funding domain name system research.

The Institute’s activities cover three main areas:

– Innovation: Developing best practices for registries and registrars and funding research on cyber security and domain name system abuse;

– Education: Through the development of a library of available information and practices;

– Collaboration: The Institute will operate as a networking forum and sharing centre for stakeholders interested in these issues.

A hotline has also been created to assist registries and registrars with questions about DNS abuse.

Sources :

https://dnsabuseinstitute.org/about-the-dns-abuse-institute/

What are the challenges of zombie trademarks?

Written by Dreyfus15/06/2021

The protection of intangible assets as well as the efficient management of zombie trademarks or patents portfolio contribute to the proper development of a company and its business.

Building a reputation is the very goal of any brand. This reputation is normally attached in law to the sign and to the company that filed and operates it. However, in the context of zombie trademarks, the mark does not symbolize the reputation of the current owner but that of the original owner.

Indeed, these zombie trademarks are signs that have been abandoned but still have marketing potential, a reputation.

A zombie trademark presupposes an indisputable relinquishment, that is to say an abandonment both in fact and legally. It then falls into the public domain.

As long as a brand continues to be used and is renewed every ten years, it can exist perpetually, contrary to patents and the author’s economic rights. However, sometimes a company discontinues the use of some of these signs.

This abandonment can occur any time, whether while the filing is still under review or even when the sign has been in use for a long time. In terms of non-use, a sign is abandoned when a holder stops using it without the intention of resuming its operation, for five consecutive years according to Article L 714-5 of the French Code of Intellectual Property.

Although perpetually renewable, in practice the vast majority of brands have a limited lifespan. They are born and they die. However, it happens that some experience a different fate. They are resurrected.

As we can see with the zombie trademarks, abandonment doesn’t have to be permanent.

A company that has given up its rights to a trademark cannot normally prevent a newcomer from bringing a trademark “back from the dead”. Indeed, the disputed sign has returned to the public domain, which theoretically allows anyone to be able to dispose of it freely.

An abandoned trademark is in principle available to everyone.

In France, it is possible to take action against a so-called deceptive brand. Article L. 711-3 c) of the French Intellectual Property Code provides that signs “likely to deceive the public, in particular as to the nature, quality or geographical origin of the product or service” cannot be adopted as a trademark. The former owner also sometimes has the opportunity to initiate unfair and parasitic competition claims.

Resurrecting a brand can thus be of major asset for a company wishing to take advantage of the notoriety of a distinctive sign that has returned to the public domain. However, some of these marks are not legally neither quite dead, nor quite alive, and it is advisable to be very careful, given that the case law is still rare and uncertain on this subject.

Dreyfus is experienced in anticipating, securing and optimizing IP portfolios, which ultimately adds value to our clients’ businesses.

In order to offer our clients a unique expertise, necessary for the exploitation of intangible assets, we keep you informed about intellectual property and digital economy issues with our articles written by Dreyfus’ legal team.

How to bring an action for invalidity or revocation of a trademark before the French Trademark Office INPI?

Written by Dreyfus07/06/2021

On April 1, 2020, a new trademark action nullity or revocation procedure entered into force, with the PACTE law.

This law, transposing European Directive 2015/2436 commonly known as the “Trademark Package”, establishes a new administrative action for trademark invalidity before the National Institute of Intellectual Property (“INPI”).

Since April 2020, it is possible to bring an action for nullity or revocation of a trademark before the INPI, a competence so far reserved for the courts.

The INPI’s e-procedures portal now makes it possible to introduce trademark invalidity or revocation requests. These new provisions entered into force with the PACTE law on April 1, 2020.

The procedure is instructed at the INPI by a team of specialized lawyers. It potentially makes unused trademarks available for new actors to use them, and enables to remove invalid trademarks or trademarks contrary to public order.

Applications for nullity or revocation of a trademark are only made electronically through a simple and fast tool, including online help and a secure payment area.

This administrative procedure replaces the procedure for contesting a trademark in court, which remains possible in certain specific cases, such as for infringement actions.

Who can request the invalidity of the trademark?

In the past, it was necessary to justify an interest in taking action to request the invalidity of a trademark. This interest in acting could, moreover, be strictly assessed.

From now on, when the request is based on an absolute ground of nullity, it is no longer necessary to prove an interest in bringing proceedings.

Absolute grounds for nullity relate to the intrinsic value of the trademark. For example, if the trademark is descriptive of the products it designates (such as “white chocolate” for … white chocolate), then any person can request that it be void, without justifying any damage that would be specific to them.

What are the characteristics of the procedure?

The procedure for nullity or revocation of a trademark opened before the INPI is a written and exclusively electronic procedure, accessible via the INPI e-procedures portal.

This procedure is subject to the adversarial principle, allowing the parties to exchange and confront their arguments several times throughout the procedure. The duration of the procedure is therefore dependent on the will of the parties, up to three contradictory written exchanges can be organized.

Finally, said procedure allows the presentation of oral observations. This hearing, at the request of one of the parties or the INPI, is organized at the end of the written exchanges.

Can we appeal the decision?

The decision is subject to appeal before a court, the appeal being devolutive and suspensive.

The decision of the INPI, like a court decision, can be appealed to the Court of Appeal of the applicant’s domicile.

The Parties will have one month to file an appeal, by electronic means, upon notification of the INPI decision. Some mandatory information are required, otherwise the claim could be deemed inadmissible.

This appeal has a suspensive but also a devolutive effect, which means that the judges will have the obligation to retry the case in its entirety.

During the appeal process, the Parties have three months to hand in their submissions together with all of their substantive claims.

If necessary, a cassation appeal may be lodged subsequently, by the director of the INPI or the Parties.

What is the current state of this new procedure?

This new procedure made it possible to reduce a disparity that existed between France and the European Union, since this option was already offered before the European trademark office EUIPO.

Saving time and money for those who introduce the action but at the same time more risk of seeing your brand attacked if it is vulnerable.

The INPI case law databases show that 131 decisions have since been issued on April 1, 2021 ruling on the revocation or maintenance of a mark and 55 on the invalidity of a mark. It takes about six and a half months for a decision to be rendered.

By its simplicity and speed, the new trademark invalidity action procedure before the INPI helps relieve the congestion in the courts. Thus, decisions can be rendered relatively quickly and above all, more actions will be taken thanks to the limited costs of an administrative procedure.

Benefit from the new nullity and revocation proceedings before the INPI (French Office), Dreyfus can help you!

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